Here’s a list of commonly used numeric functions in Python, many of which are part of the built-in math module or native Python functions:

Native Python Numeric Functions

1. abs(x): Returns the absolute value of a number x.

   abs(-5)  # Output: 5
   

2. round(x, n): Rounds a number x to n decimal places.

   round(3.14159, 2)  # Output: 3.14
   

3. max(iterable, *args): Returns the largest item in an iterable or the largest of two or more arguments.

   max(1, 5, 3)  # Output: 5
   

4. min(iterable, *args): Returns the smallest item in an iterable or the smallest of two or more arguments.

   min(1, 5, 3)  # Output: 1
   

5. sum(iterable, start=0): Returns the sum of all items in an iterable, starting with an initial value (default is 0).

   sum([1, 2, 3])  # Output: 6
   

6. pow(x, y, z=None): Returns x raised to the power of y; if z is provided, it computes (x**y) % z.

   pow(2, 3)  # Output: 8
   

7. divmod(x, y): Returns a tuple (quotient, remainder) when dividing x by y.

   divmod(9, 4)  # Output: (2, 1)
   

8. int(x, base=10): Converts x to an integer, optionally specifying the base (default is base 10).

   int("101", 2)  # Output: 5
   

9. float(x): Converts x to a floating-point number.

   float(10)  # Output: 10.0
   

10. complex(real, imag): Returns a complex number with the specified real and imaginary parts.

    complex(2, 3)  # Output: (2+3j)
    

math Module Functions

To access these functions, you need to import the math module.

import math

11. math.sqrt(x): Returns the square root of x.

    math.sqrt(16)  # Output: 4.0
    

12. math.ceil(x): Rounds a number x upward to the nearest integer.

    math.ceil(4.2)  # Output: 5
    

13. math.floor(x): Rounds a number x downward to the nearest integer.

    math.floor(4.8)  # Output: 4
    

14. math.factorial(x): Returns the factorial of x.

    math.factorial(5)  # Output: 120
    

15. math.fabs(x): Returns the absolute value of x as a float.

    math.fabs(-5)  # Output: 5.0
    

16. math.gcd(x, y): Returns the greatest common divisor of x and y.

    math.gcd(48, 18)  # Output: 6
    

17. math.log(x, base=math.e): Returns the logarithm of x to the given base. If no base is specified, it defaults to the natural logarithm.

    math.log(100, 10)  # Output: 2.0
    

18. math.exp(x): Returns the value of e raised to the power of x.

    math.exp(2)  # Output: 7.3890560989306495
    

19. math.log10(x): Returns the base-10 logarithm of x.

    math.log10(1000)  # Output: 3.0
    

20. math.log2(x): Returns the base-2 logarithm of x.

    math.log2(16)  # Output: 4.0
    

21. math.degrees(x): Converts an angle x from radians to degrees.

    math.degrees(math.pi)  # Output: 180.0
    

22. math.radians(x): Converts an angle x from degrees to radians.

    math.radians(180)  # Output: 3.141592653589793
    

23. math.sin(x): Returns the sine of x (where x is in radians).

    math.sin(math.pi / 2)  # Output: 1.0
    

24. math.cos(x): Returns the cosine of x (where x is in radians).

    math.cos(math.pi)  # Output: -1.0
    

25. math.tan(x): Returns the tangent of x (where x is in radians).

    math.tan(math.pi / 4)  # Output: 1.0
    

random Module (for random number generation)

The random module provides functions for generating random numbers.

import random

26. random.random(): Returns a random float between 0.0 and 1.0.

    random.random()  # Output: 0.7365982448189378 (example)
    

27. random.randint(a, b): Returns a random integer between a and b, inclusive.

    random.randint(1, 10)  # Output: 7 (example)
    

28. random.uniform(a, b): Returns a random float between a and b.

    random.uniform(1, 10)  # Output: 7.239812 (example)
    

29. random.choice(sequence): Returns a random element from the non-empty sequence (like a list or string).

    random.choice([1, 2, 3, 4])  # Output: 2 (example)
    

30. random.sample(population, k): Returns a list of k unique random elements from the population sequence.

    random.sample(range(100), 5)  # Output: [47, 35, 62, 21, 16] (example)
    

Summary

Python provides a wide range of numeric functions, both built-in and through specialized modules like math and random. These functions cover essential mathematical operations, random number generation, and higher-level mathematical operations like logarithms and trigonometry.